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Crystallography

Introduction

Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. In older usage, it is the scientific study of crystals.
Crystallographic methods now rely on the analysis of the diffraction patterns that emerge from a sample that is targeted by a beam of some type. The beam is not always electromagnetic radiation, even though X-rays are the most common choice. For some purposes electrons or neutrons are used, which is possible due to the wave properties of the particles. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of illumination used when referring to a method, as with the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction.

These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of the valence electrons, while electrons are charged particles and therefore feel the total charge distrubution of both the atomic nuclei and the surrounding electrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.

Eligibility

Minimum eligibility for the Undergraduate course in this field is a pass in 10+2/equivalent examinations and for the post graduate course in this field is a pass in corresponding undergraduate course.

JobProspects

Crystallography graduates are usually employed in the field of protein crystallography, drug design, bioinformatics, scientific programming, protein biochemistry and biotechnology

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